Matt Welsh - https://www.mdw.la

This is a website written purely in hand-coded 6502 assembly language. It is running on top of Apple IIjs, a JavaScript-based Apple II emulator. I cannot take credit for Apple IIjs, of course. This is just a little bit of 6502 assembly that I wrote to make a web page, of sorts, running within the emulated Apple //e.

To try it for yourself, visit https://www.mdw.la/mdwos.

There are a couple of things interesting here, I think:

• I modified Apple IIjs to include native support for URL redirection. That is, you can point the emulated Apple II to a URL in its memory, and upon accessing a specific memory address, the browser running the emulator will open that URL in a new tab.

• To make it easier to show graphics on the Apple II, I wrote a bit of Python code which takes a standard image file (e.g., JPEG or PNG) as input, and generates amn Apple II-compatible high-res graphics memory image from it.

More details below.

As a kid, one of the first computers I owned was an Apple //e. I loved this machine, with its 5.25" floppy drive, clunky beige case, dot-matrix printer, the works. My eighth-grade science fair project (roughly in 1987) involved writing a mouse-based paint program, using the Apple II's lo-res graphics mode, in 6502 assembly!

A while back I came across Apple IIjs, which was a retro hacker's dream: A fully-functional Apple II emulator running in the browser. Apple IIjs is really slick. It emulates the Apple II at the machine level, meaning, it directly emulates the display, keyboard, joystick or gamepad, sound, floppy drives, and so forth, running the original Apple II ROM and disk images on top of the emulated machine. It's brilliant. Pretty much every Apple II program I have tried runs perfectly on it. Even better, the code is very clean and readable (hooray TypeScript!) and easy to extend. It is very well done.

At some point I came up with the idea of converting my personal website to an emulated Apple II environment. I wanted to cheat as little as possible -- not just making the website look like an Apple II, but actually running on an Apple II. MDWOS is the result. And even though there are good C (and other high-level language) compilers available for the 6502, I decided to write all of the code in 6502 assembly, just for the hell of it. I'm not a very good assembly programmer, so the code is not as compact or modular as I would like, but heck, it does the job.

I'm not going to get into the details of Apple IIjs itself, there are plenty of details on the Apple IIjs website. However, building a bootable Apple II binary running on the emulator took a bit of work, so I'll explain the process here.

As mentioned earlier, MDWOS is implemented in 6502 assembly. I use the fantastic ca65 macro assembler, which generates Apple II-compatible 6502 binary code. ca65 is available for pretty much every platform (I'm using a Mac to develop this site).

ca65 (and its linker, ld65) are used to compile the source file (mdwos.s) into an Apple II executable. To run this (or any) program on the emulator, we then need to write it to an Apple II-compatible disk image. For this, I use AppleCommander, which takes the binary and writes it to the disk image file.

The file empty.dsk is an empty, Apple DOS 3.3 formatted floppy image, meaning it contains DOS itself but no other program or file data. AppleCommander is used to write the binary for my assembly program to the disk, along with a few other files:

• A text file called HELLO, containing an AppleSoft BASIC program to launch the binary program using the BRUN command. Apple DOS diskettes always run HELLO on boot, so this is simply a way to bootstrap into my binary.

• A couple of high-res graphics image files, as described below.

The MDWOS program itself is fairly simple. It basically shows a couple of images, and allows the user to navigate through some text-based menus.

The main feature I wanted for MDWOS was the ability for the emulated Apple II program to open up URLs in the surrounding browser. For this, I made a few modifications to Apple IIjs (found in this git commit) to allow the emulator to do this. The ideas is as follows: The 6502 program writes the address (in the 6502's memory) of the URL to the two zero-page locations at 0x6a and 0x6b. It then accesses the memory location 0x6c. This triggers code hacked into the Apple IIjs emulator to read the URL out of the emulated machine's memory and open that URL in a new browser tab.

I also wanted users to be able to click on links on the virtual Apple II screen. Fortunately, Apple IIjs already translates mouse events in the browser into the appropriate signals to emulate the Apple II paddles (yes!). Therefore, all that MDWOS needs to do is read the paddle positions (using a JSR $FB1E call) which will return a value between 0-255 representing the row or column that the mouse is on. Mouse clicks are translated to paddle button clicks, readable via the high-order bit of memory location $C061. So mouse support is easy.

The Apple II has a notoriously weird graphics page layout. The mapping from pixel (x, y) position to memory location is rather odd, as scanlines are interleaved in a bizarre fashion (which, I believe, was intended to allow the Apple II's graphics hardware to feed scanlines to the display at a certain rate). To make life easier, I wrote a little utility called img2hgr.py which takes a standard image as input, resizes it to the screen resolution of the Apple II High Resolution Graphics display (a whopping 280x192 pixels) and writes out a binary file containing the image data in the layout expected by the Apple II. This file can then be loaded directly into memory address $4000 and the HGR mode enabled by calling JSR $F3D8. I actually call into DOS and use the BLOAD AppleSoft routine for this, rather than trying to fiddle with the disk and loading into memory directly from assembly. Hell, the OS is there, might as well use it to do your dirty work...

I cobbled this together over a few days relying on both many out-of-print books and random websites. It's too bad that books like the Apple IIe Technical Reference Manual costs $900 to buy used online (!) -- but the PDF is available for download.

• The apple2.org.za mirrors site has a lot of useful material, including scans of many books and manuals.

• Assembly Lines: The Complete Book is a really great reference for Apple II assembly programming.

• The dos33fsprogs repo has a lot of useful utilities and sample programs, mostly writen in 6502 assembly using ca65.

• Of course the Apple IIjs code itself is a good reference for figuring out how the hell the underlying machine is supposed to work.

Feel free to drop me a line if you have any questions or suggestions!